Imprisonment has long been regarded as one of the central instruments of criminal justice. Despite its widespread use across jurisdictions, a fundamental question persists: what is imprisonment actually meant to achieve? Is it only a mechanism of punishment, intended to impose suffering proportionate to wrongdoing, or is it a tool for reform, aimed at preparing […]
Human rights are often discussed as moral principles or legal commitments written into law and policy. In practice, however, rights become meaningful only when institutions can protect them. A constitution may guarantee rights and a government may promise reform, but without independent institutions to enforce them, those guarantees remain fragile. Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson’s […]
Simply speaking, the Climate refugee alludes to the individuals who involuntarily escape their home country as a result of the climate change. Apparently, this definition seems to be well accepted; however, they are not legally recognized under the international refugee law. Thus, this write-up basically focuses on the necessity of formally giving the legal recognition […]
For centuries, prisons have been imagined through a familiar image: towering walls, iron bars, locked cells, razor wire, and armed guards. We have come to associate punishment with confinement so completely that the very idea of a prison without walls appears almost contradictory. Yet such prisons exist, and in many parts of the world (especially […]